{"id":6233,"date":"2023-04-11T13:44:49","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T13:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lynettelockhart.com\/client\/yemens-slide-into-political\/"},"modified":"2023-04-11T13:45:15","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T13:45:15","slug":"yemens-slide-into-political","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/lynettelockhart.com\/client\/yemens-slide-into-political\/","title":{"rendered":"Yemen’s slide into political crisis and war"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Reuters) – Saudi and Omani delegations have been holding talks with Houthi officials in the Yemeni capital Sanaa as Riyadh seeks a permanent ceasefire to end its military involvement in the latest chapter of conflict in Yemen’s modern history. <\/p>\n

Following is a timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict. <\/p>\n

* 1990: Unification of north and south Yemen to form a single state under President Ali Abdullah Saleh.<\/p>\n

* 1994: Civil war in which Saleh prevents south, angered by what it sees as its lower status, from splitting with north.<\/p>\n

* 2003-09: Houthi group in north Yemen protests marginalisation of the local Zaydi Shi’ite Muslim sect, and fights six wars with Saleh’s forces and one with Saudi Arabia.<\/p>\n

* 2011: Arab Spring protests undermine Saleh’s rule, lead to splits in the army and allow al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) to seize territory in the east.<\/p>\n

* 2012: Saleh steps down in a political transition plan backed by Gulf states. Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi becomes interim president and oversees a national dialogue to draft a more inclusive, federal constitution.<\/p>\n

* 2013-2014: AQAP stages attacks across Yemen. The Houthis seize the capital Sanaa in September 2014 with help from Saleh and demand a share of power.<\/p>\n

* 2015: Hadi tries to announce a new federal constitution opposed by the Iran-aligned Houthis and Saleh, who arrest him. He escapes, pursued by the Houthis, triggering Saudi intervention in March at the head of a military coalition.<\/p>\n

The coalition drives the Houthis and Saleh loyalists from Aden in south Yemen and from Marib, northeast of Sanaa. Front lines solidify, heralding years of stalemate.<\/p>\n

* 2016: AQAP establishes a mini-state around Mukalla. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) backs local forces in a battle that ends AQAP rule there.<\/p>\n

Hunger grows as the coalition imposes a partial blockade on Yemen, accusing Iran of smuggling missiles to the Houthis, something it denies.<\/p>\n

Coalition air strikes that kill civilians prompt warnings from human rights groups but Western support for the military campaign continues.<\/p>\n

* 2017: The Houthis fire a growing number of missiles deep into Saudi Arabia. Seeing a chance to regain power for his family, Saleh switches sides but is killed trying to escape the Houthis.<\/p>\n

* 2018: Coalition-backed forces advance up the Red Sea coast against the Houthis, aiming to take the port of Hodeidah, which handles the bulk of Yemen’s commercial and aid imports.<\/p>\n

Military stalemate ensues. Peace talks are held in Sweden, the first in two years, and the warring sides agree a truce and troop withdrawal from Hodeidah. Work on a prisoner swap begins.<\/p>\n

* 2019: The Hodeidah truce holds for the most part but the withdrawal fails to materialise. Violence continues elsewhere. <\/p>\n

The UAE largely ends its presence while still supporting local allies, including southern separatists who in August seize Aden. Riyadh brokers a power-sharing deal between separatists and Hadi’s government but implementation only begins in 2020. <\/p>\n

* 2020: Coalition announces a truce prompted by COVID-19 but no progress is made to forge a permanent ceasefire and violence continues, though the warring sides carry out a prisoner swap. <\/p>\n

An attack on Aden airport moments after a plane lands carrying the newly formed power-sharing government kills at least 22 people. Riyadh and Hadi’s government blame the Houthis.<\/p>\n

* 2021: U.S. President Joe Biden revokes a terrorist designation of the Houthis while also ending U.S. support for offensive coalition operations.<\/p>\n

The Houthis intensify an offensive to seize gas-rich Marib, the government’s last stronghold in north Yemen.<\/p>\n

U.N. and U.S. envoys try to engineer a permanent truce and reopening of air and sea links to Houthi areas, but the warring sides resist compromise.<\/p>\n

Saudi Arabia and Iran launch direct talks, mostly focused on Yemen.<\/p>\n

* 2022: Houthis extend missile and drone strikes to the UAE after Emirati-backed local militias battle the group in energy-producing Shabwa and Marib. Coalition warplanes pummel Yemen.<\/p>\n

The United States acts to boost the defence capabilities of Gulf allies amid strained relations, and as the Houthis intensify assaults on Saudi oil facilities.<\/p>\n

President Hadi cedes power to a presidential council in April as Riyadh acts to strengthen the anti-Houthi alliance.<\/p>\n

Warring parties agree a truce deal in April, which is rolled over twice and expires in October without agreement to extend. But a tentative calm holds. <\/p>\n

* 2023: In March, Saudi Arabia and Iran agree to restore relations, raising hopes that the Yemen peace process could see progress. <\/p>\n

In April, Saudi and Omani envoys visit Sanaa aiming to negotiate a permanent ceasefire deal with the Houthis. <\/p>\n

\n

(Compiled by Angus McDowall, Lisa Barrington and Ghaida Ghantous; Editing by Frances Kerry and Mark Heinrich)<\/p>\n

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